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λ°˜μ‘ν˜•

2.1 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ μ• ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ˜ 원리

Creating a network app

  • software 개발자 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œλŠ” λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ ꡬ쑰가 κ³ μ •λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, application κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” κ°œλ°œμžκ°€ μ„€κ³„ν•˜λ©°, μ—¬λŸ¬ 쒅단 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‘°μ§λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ€€λ‹€.
  • μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ application κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” 크게 2κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ‚˜λ‰œλ‹€.
    • Client - server ꡬ쑰
    • P2P ꡬ쑰

Client-server paradigm

  • Server
    • 항상 λ™μž‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ„œλ²„κ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³ , ClientλΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜ΈμŠ€νŠΈλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ„œλΉ„μŠ€ μš”μ²­μ„ λ°›λŠ”λ‹€.
    • μ„œλ²„λŠ” 잘 μ•Œλ €μ§„ κ³ μ • IP μ£Όμ†Œλ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€. (permanent IP address - not change)
    • μ„œλ²„κ°€ ν΄λΌμ΄μ–ΈνŠΈλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ˜€λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μš”μ²­μ— 더 μ‘λ‹΅ν•˜λŠ” 것이 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•  λ•Œ
      • λ§Žμ€ 수의 호슀트λ₯Ό κ°–μΆ˜ data centerκ°€ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ κ°€μƒμ˜ μ„œλ²„λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ—­ν• λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λœλ‹€.
      • 보톡 10만개 μ •λ„μ˜ μ„œλ²„λ₯Ό κ°–μΆ”κ³  μžˆλ‹€.
  • Clients
    • ν•„μš”ν•  λ•Œ connect ν•œλ‹€.
    • may be intermittently connected (κ°„μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ, 가끔식 μ—°κ²°λœλ‹€)
    • dynamic IP addressλ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€.
    • ClientλΌλ¦¬λŠ” 직접 ν†΅μ‹ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.

P2P ꡬ쑰

  • Client와 server λ‘˜ λ‹€μ˜ responsibilityλ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€.
  • 항상 μΌœμ ΈμžˆλŠ” μ„œλ²„μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.
  • μž„μ˜μ˜(arbitrary) end system듀은 직접 μ†Œν†΅ν•œλ‹€.
    • 즉, peerλΌλŠ” κ°„ν—μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λœ 호슀트 쌍이 μ„œλ‘œ 직접 ν†΅μ‹ ν•˜κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€.
  • peerλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν”νžˆ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” Client(laptop 같은 것듀)
  • **Self scalability(μžκ°€ν™•μž₯μ„±)**λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€.
    • 즉, μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ λ§Žμ•„μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— 뢀담이 μ»€μ§€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 였히렀 μ„œλ‘œ λ„μ™€μ„œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ΄ 높아진닀.
    • 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 파일 곡유 applicationμ—μ„œλŠ” 각 peer듀이 νŒŒμΌμ„ μš”κ΅¬ν•˜μ—¬ μž‘μ—… λΆ€ν•˜κ°€ μƒκΈ°μ§€λ§Œ, 각 Peer듀은 νŒŒμΌμ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ Peerλ“€μ—κ²Œ λΆ„λ°°ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— μ„œλΉ„μŠ€ λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ°–μΆ˜λ‹€.
  • data center 등이 ν•„μš” μ—†μœΌλ―€λ‘œ λΉ„μš©μ΄ νš¨μœ¨μ μ΄λ‹€.

 

πŸ‘©πŸ»‍πŸ’» 2.1.2 ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€ κ°„ 톡신

μ‹€μ œ ν†΅μ‹ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, μ‹€ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μΈ process이닀.

  • 같은 host λ²”μœ„ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ, λ‘κ°œμ˜ process듀은 IPCλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ communication ν•œλ‹€.
    • Inter-process-communication : 두 개 μ΄μƒμ˜ ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€κ°€ 데이터λ₯Ό μ£Όκ³ λ°›λŠ” 방법
  • λ‹€λ₯Έ host λ²”μœ„ λ‚΄μ—μ„œλŠ” exchanging messagesλ₯Ό 톡해 μ†Œν†΅ν•œλ‹€.
  • 2개의 쒅단 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€λŠ” 컴퓨터 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€ κ΅ν™˜μœΌλ‘œ μ„œλ‘œ ν†΅μ‹ ν•œλ‹€.
  • P2P κ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œμ²˜λŸΌ Client도 μ„œλ²„ ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€κ°€ 될 수 있고, μ„œλ²„λ„ client processκ°€ 될 수 μžˆλ‹€.
  • 솑신 ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€ : λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ 보냄
  • μˆ˜μ‹  ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€ : λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ°›κ³  μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄λƒ„μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 응닡

Client, Server process

  • client process : process that initiates communication
    • μš”μ²­μ„ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” μͺ½μ˜ ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€
  • server process : process that waits to be contacted
    • μš”μ²­μ„ λ°›λŠ” μͺ½μ˜ ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€

Socket

processλŠ” socket을 톡해 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ‘œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό 보내고 λ°›λŠ”λ‹€. (λ¬Έ 같은 κ°œλ…)

  • 호슀트의 application 계측과 transport κ³„μΈ΅κ°„μ˜ μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€μ΄λ‹€.
  • μ• ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜ κ°œλ°œμžλŠ” μ†ŒμΌ“μ˜ application 계측에 λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  ν†΅μ œκΆŒμ„ κ°–μ§€λ§Œ, μ†ŒμΌ“μ˜ transport 계측에 λŒ€ν•œ ν†΅μ œκΆŒμ€ 거의 갖지 λͺ»ν•œλ‹€.
    • transport protocol을 선택
    • μ΅œλŒ€ 버퍼와 μ΅œλŒ€ μ„Έκ·Έλ¨ΌνŠΈ 크기 같은 μ•½κ°„μ˜ λ§€κ°œλ³€μˆ˜ μ„€μ •
  • sending process shoves message out door - 전솑 ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€λŠ” λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ°€μ–΄λ‚Έλ‹€.
  • Applicationκ³Ό network μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ API라고도 ν•œλ‹€.

Addressing processes

ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€κ°€ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ νŒ¨ν‚·μœΌλ‘œ ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€λ₯Ό 보내기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μˆ˜μ‹  ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€κ°€ μ£Όμ†Œλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. μˆ˜μ‹  ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€λ₯Ό μ‹λ³„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 두 가지 정보가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€.

IdentifierλŠ” IPμ£Όμ†Œμ™€ port numberλ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€.

  1. 호슀트의 μ£Όμ†Œ 즉, IP μ£Όμ†Œκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€.
    1. IP μ£Όμ†Œκ°€ identifierκ°€ λœλ‹€.
  2. 호슀트 λ‚΄μ˜ μˆ˜μ‹  ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€λ₯Ό λͺ…μ‹œν•˜λŠ” μ‹λ³„μž. 즉 port λ²ˆν˜Έκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€.
    1. 이 port 번호둜 λ‚΄ processλ₯Ό νŠΉμ •ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.
    2. 같은 IP μ£Όμ†Œλ₯Ό 가진 μ—¬λŸ¬ applicationμ΄λ‚˜ processκ°€ λ™μ‹œμ— μˆ˜ν–‰λ  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— port 번호둜 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•œλ‹€.
  • IPλ₯Ό 톡해 μ μ ˆν•œ computerλ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ”λ‹€.

πŸ‘©πŸ»‍πŸ’» 2.1.3 An Application-layer protocol defines

application κ°œλ°œμžλŠ” μ†ŒμΌ“μ˜ application 계측에 λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  ν†΅μ œκΆŒμ„ κ°–μ§€λ§Œ, μ†ŒμΌ“μ˜ transport 계측에 λŒ€ν•œ ν†΅μ œκΆŒμ€ 거의 갖지 λͺ»ν•œλ‹€. 즉, μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ” κ·Έ 쀑 μ• ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ΄ μ–΄λ–€ transport serviceλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μ΄λ‹€.

  1. Data integrity
    1. μ†μ‹€λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” dataλ₯Ό 전솑
  2. throughput
    1. λ‹€λ₯Έ session듀이 network 경둜λ₯Ό 따라 λŒ€μ—­ν­μ„ κ³΅μœ ν•˜κ³ , 이 μ„Έμ…˜λ“€μ΄ 생겼닀 μ—†μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ²˜λ¦¬μœ¨μ€ μ‹œκ°„μ— 따라 λ³€ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” μ–΄λŠ λͺ…μ‹œλœ μ†λ„μ—μ„œ 보μž₯된 κ°€μš© μ²˜λ¦¬μœ¨μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€.
    2. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 처리율 μš”κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•­ μ—¬λΆ€λ₯Ό κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ 두 κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ‚˜λ‰œλ‹€.
      1. effective app : 처리율 μš”κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 민감 application
      2. elastic app : 탄λ ₯적 application. 처리율 μš”κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•­μ΄ μ—†λ‹€.
  3. timing
    1. 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 솑신기가 socket으둜 λ‚΄λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  bitκ°€ μˆ˜μ‹ μžμ˜ socket에 100ms 내에 λ„μ°©ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 주둜 μ‹€μ‹œκ°„ applicationμ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€.
  4. security
    1. dataλ₯Ό μ•”ν˜Έν™” ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.

Internet transport protocols services

인터넷 전솑 ν”„λ‘œν† μ½œμ΄ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” μ„œλΉ„μŠ€

  1. TCP μ„œλΉ„μŠ€
  2. UDP μ„œλΉ„μŠ€

TCP service

  • reliable transport
  • μ„œλ‘œ 전솑 μ œμ–΄ 정보λ₯Ό κ΅ν™˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€.

UDP service

  • unreliable data transefer
  • hand shaking 과정이 μ—†κ³ , 데이터가 μ „λ‹¬λ˜λŠ” 것을 보μž₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.

TCP vs. UDP

  • TCPκ°€ UDP보닀 더 μœ μš©ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, UDPλŠ” 더 λΉ λ₯΄λ‹€.
  • λ‘˜ λ‹€ 처리율 ν˜Ήμ€ μ‹œκ°„ 보μž₯ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.
    • κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‹œκ°„ 민감 μ• ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜ 같은 경우, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 처리율 및 μ‹œκ°„ 지연에 잘 λŒ€μ²˜ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ„€κ³„λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€.

 

πŸ‘©πŸ»‍πŸ’» 2.1.5 Application layer: Protocol

λ‹€λ₯Έ 쒅단 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μ‹€ν–‰λ˜λŠ” μ• ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ˜ ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 방법을 μ •μ˜ν•œλ‹€.

  • κ΅ν™˜ λ©”μ‹œμ§€μ˜ νƒ€μž…
  • μ—¬λŸ¬ λ©”μ‹œμ§€ νƒ€μž…μ˜ λ¬Έλ²•(syntax)
  • ν•„λ“œμ˜ 의미, 즉 ν•„λ“œμ— μžˆλŠ” μ •λ³΄μ˜ μ˜λ―Έ(semantics)
  • μ–Έμ œ, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν”„λ‘œμ„ΈμŠ€κ°€ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•˜κ³  λ©”μ‹œμ§€μ— 응닡 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” κ·œμΉ™
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1.2 Network edge: hosts, access network, physical media

Network edge

  • hosts : Clients and servers
  • servers often in data centers
  • 인터넷 ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈλ°, μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ 인터넷에 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄을 μ˜λ―Έν•œλ‹€.
  • ex) 슀마트폰, 컴퓨터, νƒœλΈ”λ¦Ώ λ“± 주둜 end system으둜 λΆˆλ¦°λ‹€.

Q. μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ hostκ°€ internet에 connection ν•˜λŠ”κ°€?

  • Wifi, LTE, Desktop, LAN 같은 것듀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€. 이듀은 networkλ₯Ό callν•˜κ³ , access networkλ₯Ό ν•œλ‹€.
  • access network : access network ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ network core에 μ ‘κ·Όν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.
  • 이λ₯Ό 톡해 user can access to the internet

Network core

ISP에 μ˜ν•΄ operate λœλ‹€. (like KT, LGU+, SK λ“±)

 

데이터 전솑을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•œλ‹€.

  • interconnected routers (forward packet to the destination)
  • network of networks
  • internet의 쀑심뢀 역할을 ν•œλ‹€. 데이터λ₯Ό λΉ λ₯΄κ³  효율적으둜 μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 경둜λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•¨.

 

μ£Όμš” access network의 μœ ν˜•

  1. DSL
    1. 전화선을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ 인터넷에 μ ‘μ†ν•˜λŠ” 방식
    2. 각 κ°€μ •μ˜ DSL λͺ¨λŽ€μ΄ μ „ν™” μ‹ ν˜Έμ™€ 데이터λ₯Ό 뢄리해 μΈν„°λ„·μœΌλ‘œ 전달함.
  2. Cable network
    1. Cable λͺ¨λŽ€μ„ 톡해 인터넷 접속이 이루어짐
  3. FTTH
    1. 광케이블을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 맀우 λΉ λ₯Έ μ†λ„λ‘œ 데이터λ₯Ό 전솑함.
  4. 5G
    1. 5G λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 데이터λ₯Ό λ¬΄μ„ μœΌλ‘œ μ£Όκ³  λ°›λŠ” 방식.
    2. 광케이블 λŒ€μ‹  고속 무선 μ‹ ν˜Έλ‘œ 데이터λ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•œλ‹€.
  5. Ethernet and Wifi
    1. 둜컬 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬(LAN) λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ, 이더넷 케이블을 톡해 μœ μ„ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ Wifiλ₯Ό 톡해 λ¬΄μ„ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λœλ‹€.

 

Links : physical media

  • How to connect end systems to edge router?
    • residential access ents to connect to internet
    • institutional access networks (school, company)
    • mobile access networks (Wifi, 4G/5G)
  • transmission rate
  • shared or dedicated access among users?
    • type인데, shared인지 dedicated인지
물리적 λ§€μ²΄λŠ” 데이터λ₯Ό μ†‘μˆ˜μ‹  ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” μœ λ„ 맀체(Guided Media)와 λΉ„μœ λ„ 맀체(Unguided Media)둜 κ΅¬λΆ„λœλ‹€.

 

μœ λ„ 맀체 (guided media- wired)

πŸ‘‰πŸ» κΌ¬μž„μ„  (Twisted Pair Copper Wire)

μ „ν™” 및 LAN 연결에 주둜 μ‚¬μš©λœλ‹€. μ €λ ΄ν•˜κ³  보편적으둜 μ‚¬μš© λ˜λŠ” 맀체이며, κ°€μ •μš© 인터넷 접속과 νšŒμ‚¬ λ‚΄λΆ€ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œ 많이 μ‚¬μš©λœλ‹€.

πŸ‘‰πŸ» λ™μΆ• 케이블 (Coaxial Cable)

케이블 TV 및 인터넷 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©λœλ‹€. 높은 데이터 전솑λ₯ μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€.

πŸ‘‰πŸ» κ΄‘μ„¬μœ  (Fiber Optics)

빛을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 데이터λ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ, μž₯거리 전솑에 주둜 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λ©°, 데이터 전솑 속도가 맀우 λΉ λ₯΄λ‹€.

 

λΉ„μœ λ„ 맀체 (unguided media - wireless)

πŸ‘‰πŸ» λ¬΄μ„  μ „νŒŒ (Terrestrial Radio Channels)

Wifi, λͺ¨λ°”일 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ™€ 같은 무선 ν†΅μ‹ μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©λœλ‹€. 물리적인 케이블 없이 μ „νŒŒλ₯Ό 톡해 데이터λ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•œλ‹€.

πŸ‘‰πŸ» μœ„μ„± (Satellite Channels)

지ꡬ κΆ€λ„μ˜ μœ„μ„±μ„ 톡해 데이터λ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 원거리 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œμ˜ 인터넷 접속에 주둜 μ‚¬μš©λœλ‹€.

 

πŸ”— Access networks : cable-based access

μ„œλ‘œ 곡유(shared)ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ, μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ 많으면 μ•„μ£Ό 속도가 느렀질 수 μžˆλ‹€.
  • 동좕(coasial) cable둜, wireless보닀 stableν•˜λ‹€.
  • FDM (frequency division multiplexing) : different channels transmitted in different frequency bands
    • down stream, upstream channel λͺ¨λ‘ κ³΅μœ κ°€ 되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— FDM ν”„λ‘œν† μ½œμ€ 전솑을 μ‘°μ •ν•˜κ³  μΆ©λŒμ„ ν”Όν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€.
  • splitter : it can transfer internet data packet to the cable modem.
    • cable modem converts the analog → digital
  • CMTS : Cable Modem Termination System
    • λ§Žμ€ λ‹€μš΄μŠ€νŠΈλ¦Ό 가정에 μžˆλŠ” 케이블 λͺ¨λŽ€μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ†‘μ‹ λœ μ•„λ‚ λ‘œκ·Έ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ 디지털 포맷으둜 λ³€ν™˜ν•˜λŠ” μ—­ν• 
    • 즉, DSL λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ DSLAMκ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•œ κΈ°λŠ₯을 함
  • HFC : hybrid fiber coax
    • asymmetric (λΉ„λŒ€μΉ­) : downstream이 upstream보닀 훨씬 BPSκ°€ 크닀. μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ internetμ—μ„œ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό download 받을 λ•Œ, λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ μ›ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€.

πŸ”— Access networks : digital subscriber line (DSL)

dedicated line으둜, λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀과 sharedν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.
  • DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)
    • 수백-수천개의 가정듀이 DSLAM에 μ—°κ²°λœλ‹€.
      1. data와 μ „ν™” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 뢄리
      2. dataλ₯Ό μΈν„°λ„·μœΌλ‘œ 솑신
  • Splitter
    • κ°€μ •μͺ½μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€.
      • 가정에 λ„μ°©ν•˜λ©΄ 데이터와 μ „ν™” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λΆ„λ¦¬ν•œλ‹€.
      • data μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό DSLλͺ¨λŽ€μœΌλ‘œ μ „μ†‘ν•œλ‹€.
  • DSL vs DSLAM
    • DSL λͺ¨λŽ€μ€ μ‚¬μš©μž μ§‘μ—μ„œ 인터넷에 μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” 문이고, DSLAM은 이 문듀을 λͺ¨μ•„μ„œ 쀑앙 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ‘œ μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€ν˜• 뢄기점

πŸ”— Access networks : fiber to the home (FTTH)

  1. 각 가정은 ONT(Optical Network Terminator)을 가지고 있으며, μ΄λŠ” μ§€μ •λœ κ΄‘μ„¬μœ λ‘œ 이웃 splitter에 μ—°κ²°λœλ‹€.
  2. Splitter(Optical splitter)λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 가정을 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 곡유 κ΄‘μ„¬μœ λ‘œ κ²°ν•©, 이λ₯Ό ν…”μ½”μ˜ Central Office에 μžˆλŠ” OLT(Optimal Line Terminal)에 μ—°κ²°ν•œλ‹€.
  3. OLTλŠ” κ΄‘μ‹ ν˜Έμ™€ μ „κΈ°μ‹ ν˜Έ κ°„μ˜ λ³€ν™˜μ„ 제곡, μ΄λŠ” ν…”μ½” λΌμš°ν„°λ₯Ό 톡해 인터넷에 μ—°κ²°λœλ‹€.

πŸ”— Access networks : home networks

  1. we have to subscribe telecommunication operation like KT, LGU+
  2. From the telecommunication operator to home, we can install the various access of internet like DSL, FTTH
  3. From the modem at our home, we can construct the various home networks

πŸ”— Access networks : wireless access networks

Shared wireless access network connects end system to router

Wireless local area networks(WLANS)

  • κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ distanceκ°€ μ œν•œλΌ μžˆλ‹€.
  • IEEE 802.11 b/g/n/ac/ax (Wifi)

Wide-area cellular access networks

  • local area network보닀 coverageκ°€ 훨씬 λ„“λ‹€.

Wireless local area vs. Wide-area

Mobility : cellularλŠ” mobilityλ₯Ό ν—ˆμš©ν•œλ‹€.

 

πŸ”— Access networks : enterprise networks

λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ‘°μ§μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ€μ„œ, μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•˜μ—¬ 데이터와 λ¦¬μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ 곡유, κ΄€λ¦¬ν•œλ‹€.

  • mix of wired, wireless

 

μ£Όμš” κ°œλ…

  • 인터넷은 μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λŒ€μ˜ λ””λ°”μ΄μŠ€κ°€ μ—°κ²°λœ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ‘œ, 데이터λ₯Ό νŒ¨ν‚· λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ 전솑함.
  • λΌμš°ν„° λ°μ΄ν„°λ₯Ό μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ μž₯치. 데이터가 μ–΄λ””λ‘œ κ°€μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό κ²°μ •.
  • νŒ¨ν‚· μŠ€μœ„μΉ­μ€ 데이터λ₯Ό μž‘μ€ νŒ¨ν‚·μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ λ…λ¦½μ μœΌλ‘œ μ „μ†‘ν•˜λŠ” 방식이며, λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ λ†’μž„.
  • ν”„λ‘œν† μ½œμ€ 데이터λ₯Ό 주고받을 λ•Œμ˜ κ·œμΉ™κ³Ό 행동을 μ •μ˜ν•˜λ©°, λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ ν†΅μ‹ μ˜ ν•΅μ‹¬μž„.
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