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2.1 ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ

Creating a network app

  • software ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, application ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ง๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค.
  • ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ application ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค.
    • Client - server ๊ตฌ์กฐ
    • P2P ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Client-server paradigm

  • Server
    • ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , Client๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.
    • ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ณ ์ • IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. (permanent IP address - not change)
    • ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋” ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๋•Œ
      • ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ data center๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
      • ๋ณดํ†ต 10๋งŒ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • Clients
    • ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ connect ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • may be intermittently connected (๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ€๋”์‹ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค)
    • dynamic IP address๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.
    • Client๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.

P2P ๊ตฌ์กฐ

  • Client์™€ server ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค์˜ responsibility๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผœ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • ์ž„์˜์˜(arbitrary) end system๋“ค์€ ์ง์ ‘ ์†Œํ†ตํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ์ฆ‰, peer๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ์Œ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • peer๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” Client(laptop ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค)
  • **Self scalability(์ž๊ฐ€ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ)**๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.
    • ์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์„œ๋กœ ๋„์™€์„œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
    • ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ณต์œ  application์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ peer๋“ค์ด ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์—… ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ Peer๋“ค์€ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ Peer๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜๋‹ค.
  • data center ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ‘ฉ๐Ÿป‍๐Ÿ’ป 2.1.2 ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ 

์‹ค์ œ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ process์ด๋‹ค.

  • ๊ฐ™์€ host ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ, ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ process๋“ค์€ IPC๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด communication ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • Inter-process-communication : ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • ๋‹ค๋ฅธ host ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” exchanging messages๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œํ†ตํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๊ตํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • P2P ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ Client๋„ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์„œ๋ฒ„๋„ client process๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค : ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒ„
  • ์ˆ˜์‹  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค : ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‘๋‹ต

Client, Server process

  • client process : process that initiates communication
    • ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ชฝ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค
  • server process : process that waits to be contacted
    • ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ชฝ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค

Socket

process๋Š” socket์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. (๋ฌธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœ๋…)

  • ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ application ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ transport ๊ณ„์ธต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์ด๋‹ค.
  • ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋Š” ์†Œ์ผ“์˜ application ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋งŒ, ์†Œ์ผ“์˜ transport ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • transport protocol์„ ์„ ํƒ
    • ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฒ„ํผ์™€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ค์ •
  • sending process shoves message out door - ์ „์†ก ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค.
  • Application๊ณผ network ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ API๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Addressing processes

ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ‚ท์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

Identifier๋Š” IP์ฃผ์†Œ์™€ port number๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.

  1. ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์†Œ ์ฆ‰, IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
    1. IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ identifier๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.
  2. ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์‹๋ณ„์ž. ์ฆ‰ port ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
    1. ์ด port ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋‚ด process๋ฅผ ํŠน์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    2. ๊ฐ™์€ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ application์ด๋‚˜ process๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— port ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • IP๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ computer๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ‘ฉ๐Ÿป‍๐Ÿ’ป 2.1.3 An Application-layer protocol defines

application ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋Š” ์†Œ์ผ“์˜ application ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋งŒ, ์†Œ์ผ“์˜ transport ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ์–ด๋–ค transport service๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‹ค.

  1. Data integrity
    1. ์†์‹ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” data๋ฅผ ์ „์†ก
  2. throughput
    1. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ session๋“ค์ด network ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ์„ธ์…˜๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค ์—†์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œจ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ ์†๋„์—์„œ ๋ณด์žฅ๋œ ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
    2. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œจ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค.
      1. effective app : ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œจ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ application
      2. elastic app : ํƒ„๋ ฅ์  application. ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œจ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.
  3. timing
    1. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ socket์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  bit๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž์˜ socket์— 100ms ๋‚ด์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ application์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
  4. security
    1. data๋ฅผ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Internet transport protocols services

์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ „์†ก ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค

  1. TCP ์„œ๋น„์Šค
  2. UDP ์„œ๋น„์Šค

TCP service

  • reliable transport
  • ์„œ๋กœ ์ „์†ก ์ œ์–ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

UDP service

  • unreliable data transefer
  • hand shaking ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.

TCP vs. UDP

  • TCP๊ฐ€ UDP๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, UDP๋Š” ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค.
  • ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œจ ํ˜น์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณด์žฅ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
    • ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œจ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ์— ์ž˜ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ‘ฉ๐Ÿป‍๐Ÿ’ป 2.1.5 Application layer: Protocol

๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • ๊ตํ™˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ํƒ€์ž…
  • ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•(syntax)
  • ํ•„๋“œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ, ์ฆ‰ ํ•„๋“œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ(semantics)
  • ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์— ์‘๋‹ต ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ์Šคํƒ๊ณผ OSI ๋ชจ๋ธ, ์บก์Šํ™”, ์—ญ์บก์Šํ™”

๐Ÿช Why layering?

๊ณ„์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, layering์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์€ overhead๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. duplicateํ•  ๋•Œ overhead๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • ์ฆ‰, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด(ํ—ค๋”)๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  1. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ:
    • ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์„œ ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
  2. ๋ชจ๋“ˆํ™”์˜ ์žฅ์ :
    • ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋•๋ถ„์— ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์ดํ•ด์ง.
  3. ๊ณ„์ธตํ™”์˜ ๋‹จ์ :
    • ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ณต๋œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ์ค‘๋ณต๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

 

๐Ÿช ISO/OSI reference model

์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“  7๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ reference model์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„์ธต๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด data๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.
  1. Application (์‘์šฉ)
  2. Presentation (ํ‘œํ˜„)
  3. Session (์„ธ์…˜)
  4. Transport (์ „์†ก)
  5. Network (๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ)
  6. Data Link (๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งํฌ)
  7. Physical (๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ)

 

Presentation

data๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ํ˜น์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ASCII ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

Session

๋‘ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์„ธ์…˜์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

→ ์œ„์˜ Presentation๊ณผ Session ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿช Internet protocol stack

์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ์Šคํƒ์€ OSI ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™” ๋œ 5๊ณ„์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค.

  1. Application (์‘์šฉ) - 5๊ณ„์ธต
    1. ํ•œ ์ข…๋‹จ system์— ์žˆ๋Š” application์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋‹จ system์— ์žˆ๋Š” application๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
    2. IMAP, SMTP, HTTP
  2. Transport (์ „์†ก) - 4๊ณ„์ธต
    1. data๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    2. TCP, UDP
  3. Network (๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ) - 3๊ณ„์ธต
    1. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ํ•  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, IP์ฃผ์†Œ์™€ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค.
    2. IP, routing protocols
  4. Link (๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งํฌ) - 2๊ณ„์ธต
    1. ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค.
    2. Ethernet, Wifi, PPP
  5. Physical (๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ) - 1๊ณ„์ธต
    1. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿช Encapsulation / Decapsulation

๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค.

๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์†ก๋  ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์บก์Šํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ธก์—์„œ ์ด ํ—ค๋”๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ์บก์Šํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

  • Encapsulation : higher → lower (ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •)
  • Decapsulation : lower → higher (ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ๋–ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •)

Encapsulation

  1. Application Layer: ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋จ.
  2. Transport Layer: ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์— ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋จ.
  3. Network Layer์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ์— IP ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋จ.
  4. Link Layerํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ํ—ค๋”์™€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋จ.
  5. Physical Layer: ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์†ก๋จ.

 

Decapsulation

์ˆ˜์‹  ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ญ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋น„ํŠธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•จ.

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Chapter 1.5 : Performance: loss, delay, throughput

์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ , ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์‹ค ์—†์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Packet Loss๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๐ŸŒฑ Packet delay: four sources

1. ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ฐ(Processing Delay) : determine output link

  • - router๊ฐ€ packet์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋จผ์ € packet์˜ header๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น packet์„ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ด ๋•Œ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์ง€์—ฐ)
  • ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋จ

2. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ(Queuing Delay) : ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„

  • ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ํ•ด๋‹น ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ด Queuing Delay๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์˜ ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ˜ผ์žก๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

3. ์ „์†ก ์ง€์—ฐ(Transmission Delay) : ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ‘๋ฐ€์–ด ๋„ฃ๋Š”’๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„

  • L : packet length (bits)
  • R : link transmission rate (bps)
  • Transmission Delay = L/R

4. ์ „ํŒŒ ์ง€์—ฐ(Propagation Delay) : ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„

  • ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„
  • ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ์†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.

 

๐ŸŒฑ Packet queueing delay (revisited)

traffic intensity : ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ

traffic intensity = La/R (a : ํŒจํ‚ท ๋„์ฐฉ๋ฅ )

  • La/R ≈ 0: ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ „์†ก๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‰๊ท  ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ์ž‘์Œ.
  • La/R → 1: ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ.
  • La/R > 1: ํŒจํ‚ท ๋„์ฐฉ๋ฅ ์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌดํ•œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ์†์‹ค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
  • ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” traffic intensity๊ฐ€ 1๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • traceroute๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ delay๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‹ค.

 

๐ŸŒฑ Packet loss

  • queue์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์œ ํ•œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
  • full queue์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด packet์„ dropํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ packet์€ retransmitted ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

๐ŸŒฑ Throughput (์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰)

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณ‘๋ชฉ ๋งํฌ(bottleneck link_๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค.
    • ์ฆ‰, ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งํฌ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „์†ก์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋งํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒฐ์ •

๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ’ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ’์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

  • Rc : ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹  ์†๋„
  • Rs : ์†ก์‹ ์ž์˜ ์†ก์‹  ์†๋„
  • R/10 : ๋ฐฑ๋ณธ ๋งํฌ(R)์˜ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ด 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋กœ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ํ• ๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ min(Rc, Rs, R/10)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •.
  • ์ฆ‰, ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ’ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œํ•œํ•จ.
throughput = min ( Rc, Rs, R/10)
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Chapter 1.3 : Network core : packet/circuit switching, internet structure

The network core

๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ธํ”„๋ผ.
์ฆ‰, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ packet switching๊ณผ link๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฃ์ง€ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์† ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Packet Switching

๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์€ ํŒจํ‚ท์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค.

๊ฐ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ

  1. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„ํ• : ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž‘์€ ํŒจํ‚ท์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ”.
  2. ์ „์†ก ๊ณผ์ •: ๊ฐ ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์™€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์†ก๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋งํฌ์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋ณด๋ƒ„.
  3. ์ €์žฅ ํ›„ ์ „๋‹ฌ (Store-and-Forward)๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.

 

์˜ˆ์‹œ

ํŒจํ‚ท์ด 100 Mbps ์†๋„์˜ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์†ก๋˜๋ฉด, **ํŒจํ‚ท ํฌ๊ธฐ(L)**์™€ **์ „์†ก ์†๋„(R = 100 Mbps)**์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์†ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ L/R(100 Mbps) ๊ฐ€ ๋จ.

Packet transmission delay = L(bits) / R(bits/sec)

 

Queueing delay, loss

๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ, ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ„ํผ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „์†ก ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ์ž‰ ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฒ„ํผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ๋ฉด, ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ํŒจํ‚ท ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

Forwarding and Routing

network-core์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค.

๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์„ forwarding table์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋งํฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.
ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋งํฌ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์€ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ… ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

Forwarding

  • local action

Routing

  • global action : table์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

Forwarding Table

๊ฐ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

 

๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•œ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์–ด๋Š ๋งํฌ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •

  1. ํŒจํ‚ท์ด ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉ
  2. ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ
  3. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด forwarding table ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰
  4. ๊ทธ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋งํฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒ„

 

Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching

  • ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์นญ: ๋งํฌ ์ž์›์„ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ž์›์„ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
    • Circuit ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ํšŒ์„  ์Šค์œ„์นญ: ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉด ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ๊ณ ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์›์ด ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ƒํƒœ์ผ ๋•Œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ.
    • ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ œํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ œํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • shareํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ˆ์“ฐ๋Š” ์• ๋“ค์€ ๋†€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์นญ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž์›์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌํ• ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํšŒ์„  ์Šค์œ„์นญ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž„.

 

Circuit Switching : FDM and TDM

  • FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
    • total frequence band๋ฅผ equivalํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค.
    • ๊ฐ user์—๊ฒŒ allocate ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
    • time divided into slots (๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค)
    • transmission time์ด FDM๋ณด๋‹ค ์งง๋‹ค.

์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ : ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ

  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ISP(์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต์ž)๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ž„.
  • ๊ฐ ISP๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ-์ œ๊ณต์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ISP๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ **ํ”ผ์–ด๋ง(์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ)**ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•จ.
  • ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ œ๊ณต์ž(์˜ˆ: ๊ตฌ๊ธ€)๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์œ„ ISP๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘ ์ ‘์†ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•จ.
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1.2 Network edge: hosts, access network, physical media

Network edge

  • hosts : Clients and servers
  • servers often in data centers
  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ex) ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ, ํƒœ๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋กœ end system์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.

Q. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ host๊ฐ€ internet์— connection ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?

  • Wifi, LTE, Desktop, LAN ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ network๋ฅผ callํ•˜๊ณ , access network๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • access network : access network ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ network core์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด user can access to the internet

Network core

ISP์— ์˜ํ•ด operate ๋œ๋‹ค. (like KT, LGU+, SK ๋“ฑ)

 

๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • interconnected routers (forward packet to the destination)
  • network of networks
  • internet์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ.

 

์ฃผ์š” access network์˜ ์œ ํ˜•

  1. DSL
    1. ์ „ํ™”์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹
    2. ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ DSL ๋ชจ๋Ž€์ด ์ „ํ™” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ.
  2. Cable network
    1. Cable ๋ชจ๋Ž€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์†์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง
  3. FTTH
    1. ๊ด‘์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•จ.
  4. 5G
    1. 5G ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹.
    2. ๊ด‘์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ณ ์† ๋ฌด์„  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.
  5. Ethernet and Wifi
    1. ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(LAN) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋”๋„ท ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ Wifi๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

Links : physical media

  • How to connect end systems to edge router?
    • residential access ents to connect to internet
    • institutional access networks (school, company)
    • mobile access networks (Wifi, 4G/5G)
  • transmission rate
  • shared or dedicated access among users?
    • type์ธ๋ฐ, shared์ธ์ง€ dedicated์ธ์ง€
๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๋„ ๋งค์ฒด(Guided Media)์™€ ๋น„์œ ๋„ ๋งค์ฒด(Unguided Media)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค.

 

์œ ๋„ ๋งค์ฒด (guided media- wired)

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ๊ผฌ์ž„์„  (Twisted Pair Copper Wire)

์ „ํ™” ๋ฐ LAN ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์†๊ณผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ๋™์ถ• ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” (Coaxial Cable)

์ผ€์ด๋ธ” TV ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  (Fiber Optics)

๋น›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์†ก์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค.

 

๋น„์œ ๋„ ๋งค์ฒด (unguided media - wireless)

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ๋ฌด์„  ์ „ํŒŒ (Terrestrial Radio Channels)

Wifi, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์—†์ด ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ์œ„์„ฑ (Satellite Channels)

์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ถค๋„์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์†์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : cable-based access

์„œ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ (shared)ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋™์ถ•(coasial) cable๋กœ, wireless๋ณด๋‹ค stableํ•˜๋‹ค.
  • FDM (frequency division multiplexing) : different channels transmitted in different frequency bands
    • down stream, upstream channel ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— FDM ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ์ „์†ก์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
  • splitter : it can transfer internet data packet to the cable modem.
    • cable modem converts the analog → digital
  • CMTS : Cable Modem Termination System
    • ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค์šด์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ๋ชจ๋Ž€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†ก์‹ ๋œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํฌ๋งท์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• 
    • ์ฆ‰, DSL ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ DSLAM๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•จ
  • HFC : hybrid fiber coax
    • asymmetric (๋น„๋Œ€์นญ) : downstream์ด upstream๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ BPS๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ internet์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ download ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ, ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : digital subscriber line (DSL)

dedicated line์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ sharedํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)
    • ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ-์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •๋“ค์ด DSLAM์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
      1. data์™€ ์ „ํ™” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ
      2. data๋ฅผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์†ก์‹ 
  • Splitter
    • ๊ฐ€์ •์ชฝ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
      • ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ „ํ™” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
      • data ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ DSL๋ชจ๋Ž€์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • DSL vs DSLAM
    • DSL ๋ชจ๋Ž€์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ , DSLAM์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์ค‘์•™ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ 

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : fiber to the home (FTTH)

  1. ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ONT(Optical Network Terminator)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ด์›ƒ splitter์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
  2. Splitter(Optical splitter)๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ…”์ฝ”์˜ Central Office์— ์žˆ๋Š” OLT(Optimal Line Terminal)์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
  3. OLT๋Š” ๊ด‘์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ์ „๊ธฐ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ œ๊ณต, ์ด๋Š” ํ…”์ฝ” ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : home networks

  1. we have to subscribe telecommunication operation like KT, LGU+
  2. From the telecommunication operator to home, we can install the various access of internet like DSL, FTTH
  3. From the modem at our home, we can construct the various home networks

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : wireless access networks

Shared wireless access network connects end system to router

Wireless local area networks(WLANS)

  • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ distance๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • IEEE 802.11 b/g/n/ac/ax (Wifi)

Wide-area cellular access networks

  • local area network๋ณด๋‹ค coverage๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋„“๋‹ค.

Wireless local area vs. Wide-area

Mobility : cellular๋Š” mobility๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : enterprise networks

๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€์„œ, ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์œ , ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • mix of wired, wireless

 

์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…

  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋Œ€์˜ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํŒจํ‚ท ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ „์†กํ•จ.
  • ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •.
  • ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์นญ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์€ ํŒจํ‚ท์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ž„.
  • ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž„.
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