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๋ฐ˜์‘ํ˜•

1.2 Network edge: hosts, access network, physical media

Network edge

  • hosts : Clients and servers
  • servers often in data centers
  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ex) ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ, ํƒœ๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋กœ end system์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.

Q. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ host๊ฐ€ internet์— connection ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?

  • Wifi, LTE, Desktop, LAN ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ network๋ฅผ callํ•˜๊ณ , access network๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • access network : access network ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ network core์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด user can access to the internet

Network core

ISP์— ์˜ํ•ด operate ๋œ๋‹ค. (like KT, LGU+, SK ๋“ฑ)

 

๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • interconnected routers (forward packet to the destination)
  • network of networks
  • internet์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ.

 

์ฃผ์š” access network์˜ ์œ ํ˜•

  1. DSL
    1. ์ „ํ™”์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹
    2. ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ DSL ๋ชจ๋Ž€์ด ์ „ํ™” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ.
  2. Cable network
    1. Cable ๋ชจ๋Ž€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์†์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง
  3. FTTH
    1. ๊ด‘์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•จ.
  4. 5G
    1. 5G ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹.
    2. ๊ด‘์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ณ ์† ๋ฌด์„  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.
  5. Ethernet and Wifi
    1. ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(LAN) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋”๋„ท ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ Wifi๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

Links : physical media

  • How to connect end systems to edge router?
    • residential access ents to connect to internet
    • institutional access networks (school, company)
    • mobile access networks (Wifi, 4G/5G)
  • transmission rate
  • shared or dedicated access among users?
    • type์ธ๋ฐ, shared์ธ์ง€ dedicated์ธ์ง€
๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๋„ ๋งค์ฒด(Guided Media)์™€ ๋น„์œ ๋„ ๋งค์ฒด(Unguided Media)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค.

 

์œ ๋„ ๋งค์ฒด (guided media- wired)

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ๊ผฌ์ž„์„  (Twisted Pair Copper Wire)

์ „ํ™” ๋ฐ LAN ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์†๊ณผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ๋™์ถ• ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” (Coaxial Cable)

์ผ€์ด๋ธ” TV ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  (Fiber Optics)

๋น›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์†ก์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค.

 

๋น„์œ ๋„ ๋งค์ฒด (unguided media - wireless)

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ๋ฌด์„  ์ „ํŒŒ (Terrestrial Radio Channels)

Wifi, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์—†์ด ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป ์œ„์„ฑ (Satellite Channels)

์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ถค๋„์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์†์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : cable-based access

์„œ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ (shared)ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋™์ถ•(coasial) cable๋กœ, wireless๋ณด๋‹ค stableํ•˜๋‹ค.
  • FDM (frequency division multiplexing) : different channels transmitted in different frequency bands
    • down stream, upstream channel ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— FDM ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ์ „์†ก์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
  • splitter : it can transfer internet data packet to the cable modem.
    • cable modem converts the analog → digital
  • CMTS : Cable Modem Termination System
    • ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค์šด์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ๋ชจ๋Ž€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†ก์‹ ๋œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํฌ๋งท์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• 
    • ์ฆ‰, DSL ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ DSLAM๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•จ
  • HFC : hybrid fiber coax
    • asymmetric (๋น„๋Œ€์นญ) : downstream์ด upstream๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ BPS๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ internet์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ download ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ, ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : digital subscriber line (DSL)

dedicated line์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ sharedํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)
    • ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ-์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •๋“ค์ด DSLAM์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
      1. data์™€ ์ „ํ™” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ
      2. data๋ฅผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์†ก์‹ 
  • Splitter
    • ๊ฐ€์ •์ชฝ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
      • ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ „ํ™” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
      • data ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ DSL๋ชจ๋Ž€์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • DSL vs DSLAM
    • DSL ๋ชจ๋Ž€์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ , DSLAM์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์ค‘์•™ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ 

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : fiber to the home (FTTH)

  1. ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ONT(Optical Network Terminator)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ด์›ƒ splitter์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
  2. Splitter(Optical splitter)๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ…”์ฝ”์˜ Central Office์— ์žˆ๋Š” OLT(Optimal Line Terminal)์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
  3. OLT๋Š” ๊ด‘์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ์ „๊ธฐ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ œ๊ณต, ์ด๋Š” ํ…”์ฝ” ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : home networks

  1. we have to subscribe telecommunication operation like KT, LGU+
  2. From the telecommunication operator to home, we can install the various access of internet like DSL, FTTH
  3. From the modem at our home, we can construct the various home networks

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : wireless access networks

Shared wireless access network connects end system to router

Wireless local area networks(WLANS)

  • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ distance๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • IEEE 802.11 b/g/n/ac/ax (Wifi)

Wide-area cellular access networks

  • local area network๋ณด๋‹ค coverage๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋„“๋‹ค.

Wireless local area vs. Wide-area

Mobility : cellular๋Š” mobility๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ”— Access networks : enterprise networks

๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€์„œ, ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์œ , ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • mix of wired, wireless

 

์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…

  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋Œ€์˜ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํŒจํ‚ท ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ „์†กํ•จ.
  • ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •.
  • ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์นญ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์€ ํŒจํ‚ท์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ž„.
  • ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž„.
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