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1.1 What is the Internet? What is a protocol?

Internet ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ

์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ, ๊ฐ€์ • ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋“ค์€ ISP(Internet Service Provider)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.

(์ด๋Ÿฐ ISP๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ IXP๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.)

 

์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

1. nuts and bolts view

2. service view

 

1๏ธโƒฃ nuts and bolts view

์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ

Internet have various component. Host, Packet switches, communication links. They make networks and ISP connects the network. To run the internet, we need some communication rules, that is protocol

host = end system

  • ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์žฅ์น˜
  • ์„œ๋ฒ„, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ‘์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค’
  • Internet์˜ edge์—์„œ network app์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • communication link์™€ packet switch์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

communication link

  • ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์†ก๋ฅ (transmission rate)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด packet์„ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • transmission ๋‹จ์œ„ : bps (bits per second, ์ดˆ๋‹น ๋น„ํŠธ ์ˆ˜)
  • ๋™์ถ• ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์„ , ๊ด‘์ผ€์ด๋ธ”, ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.

Packet

  • ์†ก์‹  ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง„๋‹ค.
  • ์†ก์‹  ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ segment๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ , ๊ฐ segment์— header๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ํŒจํ‚ท์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์—์„œ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋œ๋‹ค.

Packet switch

๋ชฉ์  : ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „์†ก

  • ์ž…๋ ฅ ํ†ต์‹  ๋งํฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜
  • ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ†ต์‹  ๋งํฌ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ทธ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ „๋‹ฌ
  • ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜
    • link-layer switch : ๋ณดํ†ต ์ ‘์† ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
    • router : ๋ณดํ†ต ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฝ”์–ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

 

Protocols

  • machines ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ communication ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ.
  • ์ด ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Communication ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
  • ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๋‘˜์„ ํ†ต์นญํ•˜์—ฌ TCP/IP๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
    • IP : Internet Protocol
      • ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์™€ ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท ํฌ๋งท์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ํ‘œ์ค€ (Standards)
    • IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
      • ๊ตญ์ œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ
      • RFC (Requests for Comment) : IETF ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฌธ์„œ (์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” docment๋ฅผ RFC๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
      • TCP, IP, HTTP, SMTP ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์ •์˜
  • 3๊ฐœ์˜ factors๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
    • format
    • order
    • actions
  • ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ format, order๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  transmissionํ•˜๋Š” action์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ.
  • ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ ํ•˜๋ƒ๋ฉด,
    1. ๋จผ์ € TCP connection์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค (transfer the request message)
    2. ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” request๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    3. transmit some response to the client
      1. action when the server receive the request messages from the client
    4. TCP connection์ด established ๋˜๋ฉด, client can transmit this message

ISP (Internet Service Provider)

  • ํŒจํ‚ท ์Šค์œ„์น˜์™€ ํ†ต์‹  ๋งํฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ
    • ์ด ISP๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด network๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
  • end system์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ ‘์†์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • CP(content provider)์—๊ฒŒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ ‘์†์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • ISP๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ
    • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ข…๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ‘์†์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ISP๋“ค๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

2๏ธโƒฃ Service view

Function1 : Infrastructure

  • internet์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ request๋ฅผ transfer ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” response๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • request์™€ response๊ฐ€ Infrastructure์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

Function2: Programming interface

  • Infrastructure๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” we need to write something.
  • ์†ก์žฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” infrastructure๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ € interface๋งŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค.
  • hooks allowing sending/receiving apps to “connect” to, use Internet transport service.
    • ์•ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ 
  • provides service options, analogous to postal service
    • ์šฐํŽธ์˜ ์†ก์žฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.

 

 

์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ : https://github.com/IT-Book-Organization/Computer-Networking_A-Top-Down-Approach/tree/main/Chapter_1/1.1%20%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80%20%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%87%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%80%3F

 

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